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Channar revolt
The Channar Lahala or Channar revolt or Maru Marakkal Samaram refers to the incidents from 1819 to 1859 surrounding the rebellion by Nadar climber women asserting their right to wear upper-body clothes.This Revolt was the result of an indirect promotion of Christian conversion by the British. The Channar Revolt took place in Travancore kingdom which was under indirect influence of the British.Travancore covered most of modern-day central and southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district.
== Cause ==
In 1819, the Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma under the pressure of the British ''dewan'' Colonel John Munro announced that the lower castes including the Nadar climber women have no right to wear upper clothes.However 1820,British ''dewan'' in the Travancore court, issued an order that permitted the newly converted climber women to wear ''kuppayam'' or ''chatta'', a type of jacket worn by Syrian Christians.The whole move was allegedly to spread Christianity.Violence against Nadar climber women who revolted against this continued and reached its peak in 1858 across the kingdom, notably in southern taluks of Neyyattinkara and Neyyur.
On 26 July 1859, under pressure from the Madras Governor, the king of Travancore issued a proclamation announcing the right of Nadar climber women to wear upper clothes but on condition that they should not imitate the style of clothing worn by upper class women.〔''The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India'', Silvester Ponnumuthan, pp 108–110, (Google book )〕〔〔''Ritual, Politics, and Power'', David I. Kertzer, p 113, (Google book )〕 Though the proclamation did not quell the tension immediately, it gradually subsided as the social and economical status of Nadar climbers progressed in subsequent decades with significant support from missionaries and Ayya Vaikundar.
19th century Travancore had a rigid caste hierarchy. There also existed a strict code of respect and mannerisms enforced by the state. The women were not allowed to carry pots on their hips or wear clothes that covered their breasts. Baring of chest to higher status was considered a sign of respect, by both males and females.〔〔''In the Shadow of the Mahatma'', Susan Billington Harper, p 13, ISBN 0-8028-3874-X, (Google book )〕 The Nadar climbers of Travancore fared a little better than their Tirunelveli counterparts, but, however, suffered severe social disabilities, unlike their Tirunelveli counterparts, under the rigid caste hierarchy of Travancore. As Swami Vivekanandha stated, Kerala was a mad asylum of castes. The Nadar climber women were not allowed to cover their bosoms, as most of the non- Brahmin women, to punctuate their low status. However the aristocratic Nadan women, their counterparts, had the rights to cover their bosom. Uneasy with their social status, a large number of Nadar climbers embraced Christianity.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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